Animals represented in Ediacaran fossils are morphologically very similar to modern-day lophotrochozoans. Ediacaran fossils depict animals with mineralized endoskeletons, similar to modern-day vertebrates. If you were to place the animals depicted in Ediacaran fossils in a phylogenetic tree, these organisms would share their most recent common ancestor with choanoflagellates. Ediacaran fossils depict

Traditionally, these fauna have come to represent an important development in the evolution of life on Earth, because they immediately predate the explosion of life-forms at the beginning of the Cambrian Period 541 million years ago.

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fertilization, pictured in figure 24.23a is the process in which gametes (an egg and sperm) fuse to form a zygote. the egg and sperm each contain one set of chromosomes. to ensure that the offspring has only one complete diploid set of chromosomes, only one sperm must fuse with one egg. in mammals, the egg is protected by a layer of extracellular matrix consisting mainly of glycoproteins called the zona pellucida. when a sperm binds to the zona pellucida, a series of biochemical events, called the acrosomal reactions, take place. in placental mammals, the acrosome contains digestive enzymes that initiate the degradation of the glycoprotein matrix protecting the egg and allowing the sperm plasma membrane to fuse with the egg plasma membrane, as illustrated in figure 24.23b. the fusion of these two membranes creates an opening through which the sperm nucleus is transferred into the ovum. the nuclear membranes of the egg and sperm break down and the two haploid genomes condense to form a diploid genome.

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