As noted in the text, the OmpF porin in E. coli has a constricted diameter that prevents the passage of large substances. The protein loops in this constricted site contain a D-E-K-A sequence, which makes the porin weakly selective for cations. If you wanted to construct a mutant porin that was highly selective for calcium ions, what changes would you make to the amino acid sequence at the constricted site?

9.9 years

a = p(1 + rt) . . account balance after time t at rate r starting with principal p

3000 = 2500(1 + 0.0202t) . . filling in the given numbers

1.2 = 1 + 0.0202t . . divide by 2500

0.2 = 0.0202t . . . subtract 1

0.2/0.0202 = t ≈ 9.901

it will take about 9.9 years for the account balance to reach $3000.

c) 50% there are four chromosomes. after crossing over, 2 of the four have been changed. that means any gamete has a 2 in 4 chance or 50% chance of receiving the mutated chromosome.

idk what the options are but

these is a strong electrostatic attraction between the ions hence a lot of energy is needed to overcome this attraction

this is why the boiling points are so high