Various types of damage can lead to acute inflammation, including cuts and abrasions, heat, and microbial damge. Some microbes have structures which can trigger the acute inflammatory repsonse when they invade tissues.

What structural characteristics common to Gram-negative bacteria may trigger the acture inflammatoty respone?

A. Teichoic acid
B. Mycolic acid
C. Lipid A
D. External polysaccharides

C: Lipid A

Explanation:

Lipid A is a component of the endotoxin (also called the lipopolysaccharide)  present in Gram-negative bacteria. The LPS has 3 component namely;

Upon detection of an endotoxin which forms the component of the outer membrane of a Gram negative organism (in exception to the Gram-positive bacteria called Listeria monocytogenes), the innate immune defense system (e.g macrophages and T-helper cells) are alerted to initiate elimination strategies towards the invading organism. Lipid A binds to the CD14/MD2 receptor on macrophages and monocytes which activates the nuclear factor kappa- light chain enhancer (NF-κβ). The activation of NF-κβ protein triggers the production of inflammatory cytokines which includes Interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-12, IL-18 as well as the Tumor necrosis factor- alpha (TNF-α).

Inflammatory responses are as a result of the release of these cytokines which sometimes leads to shock and death of the host

what image you forgot to include it.

prophase: we can observe the chromosomes to coil up and condense. they become visible. nuclear membrane and envelope disintigrate.s

metaphase: chromosomes align at the center, the metaphase plate. spindle fibers attach to centromeres of the sister chromatids. they meet at kinetochores.

anaphase: sister chromatids are pulled towards each opposing centromere, set on different poles.

telophase: chromosomes are now clustered up only on either sides of the cell. nuclear membranes reform, and a new cell wall forms along the cell plate. this will lead to cytokinesis, the process that divides the cell membrane and forms the cell wall.