In comparison to that of adult hemoglobin, how is the fetal oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve shifted? a. to the left of the adult curve, indicating a lower oxygen affinity of fetal hemoglobin b. to the left of the adult curve, indicating a higher oxygen affinity of fetal hemoglobin c. to the right of the adult curve, indicating a lower oxygen affinity of fetal hemoglobin

Answer for the question is B

it is called an accent mark

parasites can detrimentally affect their host, but also must not allow their host to die before they can complete their life cycle. some parasites have complex life cycles with many different hosts, and have had to find ways of persisting in many different environments during the change from one host to another. ectoparasites live outside the body of the host, and can more easily  disperse, but are  more exposed to predators, parasites, parasitoids. endoparasites live inside the body of the host, and are therefore protected from the outside environment. but they can be  attacked by the host's immune system. they have therefore developed  mechanisms for dispersal such as  complex life cycles.