Based on the definitions of pharmacophore and privileged structure, outline essential structural features a 1,4-dihyrdopyridine must possess for effective Ca2+ channel blocking capability. (ex. functional groups, presence of electron-donating or electron-withdrawing moieties) 2. Why are the products of today's lab (dimethyl 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethylpyridine-3, 5-dicarboxylate and diethyl 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethylpyridine-3, 5-dicarboxylate) ineffective in this regard?

Explanation:

Pharmacophore (pharmacology) - The molecular framework responsible for a drug's biological activity. According to IUPAC — A pharmacophore is the ensemble of steric and electronic features that is necessary to ensure the optimal supramolecular interactions with a specific biological target structure and to trigger (or to block) its biological response.

Privileged structures are defined as molecular frameworks which are able of providing useful ligands for more than one type of receptor or enzyme target by judicious structural modifications.

1) The 1,4-dihydropyridine ring is present in many biologically important molecules that acts as an important scaffold for cardiovascular drug - a calcium antagonists and although it is technically not considered as a pharmacophore, it is considered as a privileged structure.

1,4-Dihydropyridine (DHP), belongs to the class of calcium antagonist that inhibits the influx of extracellular Ca+2 through the L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels.

A positional substitution in the 4-position is feasible in the heterocyclic ring which in turn culminates in various calcium channel antagonist activities and this heterocyclic ring is the common feature for various pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory activity, analgesic activity,

antihypertensive, antianginal, antitumor, antitubercular activity and antithrombotic .

Position on the heterocyclic ring binds to the L-type channel and also to N-type channel on membranes.

2.) The bioisosteres are not a suitable bioisostere for the traditional C-4 aryl or heteroaryl substitution which is necessary for calcium ion blockage thereby inhibiting it to function with the mechanism shared above.

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