In proteins, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels of structure depend on the primary structure.
Which of the following most accurately lists elements of any protein's primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure, in that order?

a. Amino acid sequence, hydrogen bonding between R-groups, the overall shape of a single polypeptide, and multiple polypeptide subunits.
b. Amino acid sequence, hydrogen bonding between backbone groups, the overall shape of a single polypeptide, and combinations of tertiary structures.
c. One polypeptide chain, two polypeptide chains, three polypeptide chains, and more than three polypeptide chains.
d. Covalent bonding, van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions.
e. Hydrophobic interactions, covalent bonding, hydrogen bonding, and van der Waals forces.

b. Amino acid sequence, hydrogen bonding between backbone groups, the overall shape of a single polypeptide, and combinations of tertiary structures.

Explanation: Primary structure is the amino acid sequence in the polypeptide chain. When the sequence is altered due to mutation it can lead to formation of entirely new amino acid sequence.

Secondary structure could be the helical structure or the Beta pleated sheet. It is form from the interaction of atom that are backbones.It is the hydrogen bond between amino Hydrogen and carboxyl oxygen atom in the backbones

Tertiary structure- Overall structure of polypeptide. It result from interaction of the R groups amino acids. It gives the shape of the polypeptide.

Quantenary- Are protein made up of multiple polypeptide chain. This chain are also called subunit. It is the combination of all tertiary structures given rise to a functional protein.

Option B

Explanation: the primary structure of a protein is mostly determined by its amino acid sequence.

Patterns of Hydrogen bonding between the peptide backbone components: amino Hydrogen and the carbonyl oxygen atoms gives risk to the type of secondary structure that will be formed be it the alpha helix or beta plate sheets.

The overall shape of a polypeptide including its folding patterns gives rise to the tertiary structure i.e a subunit of a particular protein with more than one subunits. Combinations of the tertiary structures gives the quartenary structure. For example more than one subunits of a tertiary structure makes the quartenary structure

the diploid number of chromosomes is sometimes represented by the symbol 2n. for the fruit fly, the diploid number is 8, which can be written as 2n = 8, where n represents twice the number of chromosomes in a sperm or egg cell.

this age may represent the age of the earth's accretion, of core formation, or of the material from which the earth formed. this dating is based on evidence from radiometric age-dating of meteorite material and is consistent with the radiometric ages of the oldest-known terrestrial and lunar samples.