The xylem of angiosperms is composed of , allowing these plants to thrive in tropical climates and have high rates of photosynthesis. Gymnosperms are successful in cold climates because their xylem is composed of ___, which reduces the risk of cavitation due to freezing.

Vessels, Tracheids.

Explanation:

The main difference between gymnosperm and angiosperm is how their seeds are grown. Angiosperm seeds are developed in the ovaries of the flower, and gymnosperm seeds are developed in the unisexual cones known as strobili, these plants do not contain flowers and fruits.

Vessel member or Tracheids is known as the type of cell which is present in xylem called water-conducting tissue of plants. Gymnosperm xylem is consists of Tracheids, and angiosperm xylem additionally contains vessels.

c) 50% there are four chromosomes. after crossing over, 2 of the four have been changed. that means any gamete has a 2 in 4 chance or 50% chance of receiving the mutated chromosome.