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Biology, 24.02.2020 16:57 hjlhdjfhjh

The proton pump is a protein that moves protons across membranes against their concentration to create an electrochemical gradient. Another protein called an amino acid transporter utilizes that gradient to move amino acids uphill against their concentration gradient. If one form of energy (the proton pump) is converted into another form of energy (the movement of the amino acids), why isn’t this a violation of the second law of thermodynamics? Because…

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