A cell expresses a transmembrane protein that is cleaved at the plasma membrane to release an extracellular fragment. The fragment binds to receptor proteins on nearby cells and activates signaling pathways resulting in altered gene expression in the cells. Which of the following best describes this form of intercellular signaling?

(A)Contact-dependent signaling
(B)Paracrine signaling
(C)Endocrine signaling
(D)Autocrine signaling

(B) Paracrine signaling

Explanation: Paracrine signaling occurs between cells that are relatively within a short distance apart. The signaling triggers quick responses and can last only for a short period of time because of the wearing-off of the paracrine ligands (neurotransmitters).

Cells that exhibit paracrine factors release them into the immediate extracellular environment.

the framers of the constitution insisted that federal judges be nominated instead of elected due to their desire to have judges above the shifting whims of the masses.

the hope, whether achieved or not, was that federal judges would only be beholden to the law and that by not having judges be elected, they would be protected if that law dictated an outcome that ran counter to popular opinion.