The three-dimensional structure of macromolecules is formed and maintained primarily through noncovalent interactions. Which one of the following is not considered a noncovalent interaction? Group of answer choices 1. carbon-carbon bonds 2. hydrogen bonds 3. hydrophobic interactions 4. ionic interactions 5. van der Waals interactions

The correct option is 1. carbon-carbon bonds

Explanation:

It is called covalent bonding to a type of chemical bond, which occurs when two atoms bond to form a molecule, sharing electrons belonging to its most superficial layer, thereby reaching the well-known "stable octet". Carbon-carbon bonds are covalent bonds, which take place between two carbon atoms. There are simple bonds, which are generally the most common, since it is formed by two electrons, each one of one of the atoms participating in the bond.

The rest of the options belong to the groups of non-covalent interactions, these do not share electrons.

The ionic interactions and forces of Van der Waals interactions are purely electrostatic in nature (attraction or repulsion of electric charges), although neutral molecules participate in the latter, interacting well with other neutral molecules or with ions. The hydrogen bond or hydrogen bridge also has an electrostatic nature, but simultaneously has a certain covalent character. Finally, hydrophobic interactions depend on the high degree of water disorder, (that is, on its high entropy) and are characteristic of those molecules that cannot easily interact with water.

that is a club

explanation:

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transcription is a process in which information is rewritten. it is something our cells must do, in a more specialized and narrowly defined way. in biology, transcription is the process of copying out the dna sequence of a gene in the similar alphabet of rna. it needs to happen in the nucleus because that's where the dna is. dna is always inside the nucleus unless the cell is dividing.

transcription is the first step in gene expression, which involves copying a gene's dna sequence to make an rna molecule. transcription is performed by rna polymerases. it has three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. rna molecules must be processed after transcription in eukaryotes.

explanation:

long version:

the protein synthesis consists two processes which are, transcription and translation. transcription takes place in the nucleus. it uses dna as a template to make an rna molecule. rna then leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome in the cytoplasm, where translation occurs. transcription is the first part of the central dogma of molecular biology: dna → rna. it is the transfer of genetic instructions in dna to messenger rna (mrna). during transcription, a strand of mrna is made that is complementary to a strand of dna.  

these three stages are:

  initiation: in which   is the beginning of transcription.occuring when the enzyme rna polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter. this signals the dna to unwind so the enzyme can ‘‘read’’ the bases in one of the dna strands. the enzyme is now ready to make a strand of mrna with a complementary sequence of bases.

    elongation: in which is the addition of nucleotides to the mrna strand. rna polymerase reads the unwound dna strand and builds the mrna molecule, using complementary base pairs. there is a brief time during this process when the newly formed rna is bound to the unwound dna. during this process, an adenine (a) in the dna binds to an uracil (u) in the rna.

    termination: in which is the ending of transcription, and occurs when rna polymerase crosses a stop (termination) sequence in the gene. the mrna strand is complete, and it detaches from dna.