Why is heparin the only acceptable anticoagulant to use when obtaining blood samples for ALP analysis?

Heparin prevents blood from clotting

Explanation:

Heparin prevents blood from clotting because the unique pentasaccharide sequence contained within its structure avidly binds to antithrombin III. Antithrombin III is a plasma protein that inhibits blood coagulation upon binding and, therefore, inhibits the enzymatic action of several activated blood coagulation factors, including factors XIa, Xa, IXa and IIa (thrombin).

The physiological function of antithrombin III, in common with other blood clotting cascade inhibitors, is to prevent blood clotting in vivo and, therefore, maintain blood flow within the intact vessels. The effect of heparin binding is to increase the activity of antithrombin III more than 1000 times.

As a consequence, fibrin formation is prevented by the coagulation cascade, a necessary requirement for blood clot formation. This anticoagulant effect of heparin occurs both in vitro and in vivo.

Since the late 1930s, the in vivo effect of heparin administered to artificially reduce blood clotting capacity has been used therapeutically. It is not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, so it must be administered by intravenous or subcutaneous injection.

Despite this limitation, heparin remains one of the most prescribed antithrombotic drugs, mainly used for the treatment and prevention of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.

Unfractionated heparin (UFH) presented as sodium salt is the traditional one, once the only available form of heparin. However, in more recent years, more refined low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) preparations with an average molecular weight in the range of 3-5 kDa have replaced UFH (average molecular weight around 15 kDa) as the Drug of choice in many clinical studies. contexts, mainly because these new preparations are associated with fewer adverse side effects [5].

Adding more about recent development is a class of synthetic heparin drugs based on analogs of the crucial sequence of antithrombin III binding pentasaccharide. Fondaparinux (Atrixia) is the best established of these "synthetic heparin" medications.

This is because of effective anti coagulating properties  it has over others due  to higher amount of main anticoagulating compound; sulphnated  pentasacharides sequence within it structure compare to others.

Antithrombin III is a plasma protein which prevent blood clotting naturally in man.  it  acts by inhibiting  the enzyme activities of the blood  clotting mechanisms therefore blocking all the clotting factors and thus  blood  clotting  mechanisms.

Heparin performs antocoagualtion by biding with the antithrombin iii, with its  sulphanted pentasacharides sequence thereby preventing coagulation of the blood, hence easy  smooth of  blood flow,

its ability to remove small blood clots which  may give false reading  is an added factor.

Explanation:

transcription is a process in which information is rewritten. it is something our cells must do, in a more specialized and narrowly defined way. in biology, transcription is the process of copying out the dna sequence of a gene in the similar alphabet of rna. it needs to happen in the nucleus because that's where the dna is. dna is always inside the nucleus unless the cell is dividing.

transcription is the first step in gene expression, which involves copying a gene's dna sequence to make an rna molecule. transcription is performed by rna polymerases. it has three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. rna molecules must be processed after transcription in eukaryotes.

explanation:

long version:

the protein synthesis consists two processes which are, transcription and translation. transcription takes place in the nucleus. it uses dna as a template to make an rna molecule. rna then leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome in the cytoplasm, where translation occurs. transcription is the first part of the central dogma of molecular biology: dna → rna. it is the transfer of genetic instructions in dna to messenger rna (mrna). during transcription, a strand of mrna is made that is complementary to a strand of dna.  

these three stages are:

  initiation: in which   is the beginning of transcription.occuring when the enzyme rna polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter. this signals the dna to unwind so the enzyme can ‘‘read’’ the bases in one of the dna strands. the enzyme is now ready to make a strand of mrna with a complementary sequence of bases.

    elongation: in which is the addition of nucleotides to the mrna strand. rna polymerase reads the unwound dna strand and builds the mrna molecule, using complementary base pairs. there is a brief time during this process when the newly formed rna is bound to the unwound dna. during this process, an adenine (a) in the dna binds to an uracil (u) in the rna.

    termination: in which is the ending of transcription, and occurs when rna polymerase crosses a stop (termination) sequence in the gene. the mrna strand is complete, and it detaches from dna.

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