Over the past 60 years, many amphibian species have experienced significant population declindes, and some species have become extinct. Scientists suspected that local human activities such as destruction of wetlands, pollution, and deforestation were the main reasons for the losses. However, research over the past 20 years reveals significant amphibian population declines in protected areas of the world, such as nature preserves and parks. 1. One solution to increase the number of individuals among threatened amphibian species is through captive-breeding programs where thousands of individuals could be produced from just a few of the remaining natural survivors. What affect would captive breeding have on amphibian populations? What could happen to allele frequencies? 2. Chytridiomycosis is a fungal disease that caused massive amphibian deaths in the late 1990s. In some populations, only a few individuals survived. Explain why these individuals were able to survive (make sure to mention the role of genes and alleles), and how this survival likely affected allele frequencies in the population

unicellular organisms, like bacteria, are able to perform all life functions within one single cell. multicellular organisms need many different types of cells to carry out the same life processes. each of these special types of cells has a different structure that it perform a specific function.

hypoxemia refers to a below usual concentration of oxygen in the blood, mainly in the arteries. hypoxemia is an indication of an issue associated with circulation or breathing and may lead to various symptoms like shortness of breath.  

the condition is identified by determining the level of oxygen in the blood sample obtained from an artery. it can also be predicted by determining the oxygen saturation of the blood with the application of a pulse oximeter.  

the normal arterial oxygen is about 75 to 100 mm hg. the values underneath 60 mm hg is generally considered with the requirement for supplemental oxygen. the normal pulse oximeter readings generally range between 95 to 100 percent. the values under 90 percent are regarded as low.  

in the given case, the oxygen saturation is measured at 93 percent, hence, there is no need to administer oxygen, that is, one should withhold oxygen.  

it provides an alternative energy pathway for the reaction to proceed.

a catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction but is not consumed during the course of the reaction.

catalysts increase the rate of reaction without being used up. they do this by lowering the activation energy needed. with a catalyst, more collisions result in a reaction, so the rate of reaction increases. different reactions need different catalysts.

a catalyst works by providing an alternative reaction pathway to the reaction product. the rate of the reaction is increased as this alternative route has a lower activation energy than the reaction route not mediated by the catalyst.