A convecting mantle is an essential feature of plate tectonics and contributes to the formation of both igneous and metamorphic rocks. Where does the thermal energy that drives these convection currents come from?
A) The convection of the mantle is driven by the heat gradient within the mantle layer itself.
B) The convection of the mantle is a product of the transfer of heat from the core to the lower mantle.
C) The convection of the mantle is the result of the radioactive decay of nickel occurring within the core.
D) The heat is the frictional heat from the rotating fluids within the core of the Earth which rises up into the mantle.


Which of the following is most likely the result of an organism having lipids in its body a) water cannot be absorbed through the surface of a leaf b)human eats fruits to get a quick source of energy c) a sheep sleeps for more hours in the winter d) a warm river is filled with fish and algae

Explain the causes and effect of damage to the genetic code.

You will create a molecular clock model for an arthropod gene. follow these guidelines to make your model: . your timeline will span from 90 million years ago to the present. the common ancestor in your model is an arthropod that lived 90 million years ago. the gene that you'll track codes for a protein in the species venom . the dna sequence youll track contains 10 nitrogen bases. you can choose the order of the bases and where the mutations occur. this gene mutates at a rate of approximately 0.76 base pairs every 17.1 million years. to build your model,/ calculate the estimated time period it takes for 1 base pair to mutate. the first time period will only show the common ancestor. at the beginning of the second time period, three lineages will diverge from the common ancestor, each with a different mutation in their gene sequences. the first and third descendant species will survive for the rest of the timeline. the second descendant species was extinct 50 million years ago. calculate how long it will take for one full base pair mutation to occur. explain your reasoning by constructing a mathematical equation