Learning objectives: 1. describe biochemical and microscopic organization of cells and their major metabolic processes (cellular transport, photosynthesis, digestion, cellular respiration, biosynthesis).2. identify the fundamental principles of reproduction and inheritances and apply genetic concepts in describing the nature of species' persistence.3. characterize the fundamental relationships between organisms and their environment in terms of both biotic and abiotic factors.4. characterize the functional basis of natural selection in the context of evolution and speciation.5. characterize the basic steps in vertebrate and invertebrate development.6. compare and contrast the steps and functions of mitosis and meiosis.7. work with various basic laboratory equipment, such as the light microscope, spectrophotometer, electronic balance and laboratory glassware.8. properly analyze and graph data collected during lab exercises.9. assess the limitations of experimental procedures and data when applied to an understanding of biological concepts

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1. Biochemical organization of the cells: The cells are constituted by a membrane that gives them their own identity, while inside there is a cellular functioning system and a metabolic system in which the ordered cellular functioning takes place.

The transport process is important because it allows the cell to expel metabolic wastes from its interior and acquire nutrients, this due to the ability of the cell membrane to allow the selective passage or exit of some substances. The cell transport pathways and the basic mechanisms for small molecules are:

-Active transport

-Exocitosis

-Endocytosis

-Passive transport

Photosynthesis is the conversion of inorganic matter to organic matter thanks to the energy provided by light. It can be described as the light energy that is transformed into stable chemical energy, NADPH and ATP being the molecules in which this chemical energy is stored. The reducing power of NADPH and the energy potential of the phosphate group of ATP are used for the synthesis of carbohydrates from the reduction of carbon dioxide.

2-The principles of inheritance are the following: The organisms usually have much more descendants than they can survive, due to lack of food and space; these descendants differ from each other in several aspects; the variation makes some individuals better adapted to survive; If these individuals transmit the advantageous traits to their offspring, it will also survive.

3-All organisms live in the midst of other living organisms, element objects, subject to various influences and events. This set constitutes its environment. Plants and animals depend on the components and characteristics of the medium to grow and reproduce. This adaptation is a process that allows them to live under environmental conditions that may not be suitable for other species. In turn, plants and animals act on the environment in which they develop, modifying it. Abiotic factors such as weather, soil composition, water, and light. This is essential for photosynthesis. Biotic factors are those that include animals, plants and microorganisms. In the plants the microorganisms that enrich the soil intervene. Other plants provide protection or compete for light, water and nutrients.

4-Natural selection is the central concept of the theory of biological evolution. It is the process that occurs between entities with variation, multiplication and inheritance; and an intrinsic result of this dynamic is the production of organs, structures and behaviors that are designed for survival and reproduction.

5-There are two types of reproduction in vertebrate and invertebrate animals: sexual and asexual. Animals that participate in sexual reproduction are divided into two groups depending on whether each individual has a single gamete or if they have both gametes. In the first one, the concept of sex appears, understood as male or female and male or female. Each individual will have the testicles to generate sperm or ovaries to generate eggs.

In asexual reproduction, the individuals generated have the same genetic information as the parents. There are different types of asexual reproduction that can be found in the animal kingdom, especially in invertebrate animals.

6-Phases of mitosis: prophase: the replicated DNA that is entangled is condensed in a compact form known as chromosome. The chromosomes are still formed by the two chromatids, joined by a midpoint known as a centromere, giving the typical image of an X. The mitotic spindle is generated, which will subsequently act as transport pathways for the chromosomes. Metaphase: The microtubules bind to the chromosome centromere and line up right in the center of the cell. The genetic content is separated, separated. Anaphase: The sister chromatids are separated and dragged to opposite poles. Telophase: Once on the opposite sides, the chromosomes are decondensed in their usual way and the nucleus that contains them is regenerated.

Phases of meiosis: prophase I: in it homologous chromosomes mate and exchange fragments of hereditary material. Metaphase I: the tetrads line up in the equatorial plane of the spindle. Anaphase I: homologous chromosomes are separated by moving to opposite poles. Telophase I: Nuclear membranes form around the nuclei. Prophase II: the nuclear envelope is broken and the mitotic spindle is formed; metaphase II: the chromosomes line up in the metaphase plate; Anaphase II: the sister chromatids of each chromosome are separated. Telophase II: formation of nuclear envelopes around the four haploid nuclei.

Explanation:

brain development. a child's brain undergoes an amazing period of development from birth to three—producing more than a million neural connections each second. the development of the brain is influenced by many factors, including a child's relationships, experiences and environment.

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