When studying the earth, scientists usually consider it a closed system. how should that affect human decisions about managing resources and waste?

In thermodynamics, a closed system can be described as a system which can exchange energy from outside but matter cannot be transferred from such a system. This means that the resources present on the Earth cannot be transferred or replaced and the waste can also not be removed. By understanding the concept of the closed system, humans should recognize the fact that many resources such as minerals present on the Earth cannot be replaced and hence, resources should be utilized effectively in a conserved manner. Also, as waste cannot be removed hence humans should stop forming such waste products which cannot be removed or recycled.

americans began to notice growing differences between the northern and southern sections of the country. there were more people living in cities in the north, which made it more urban. more people lived on farms in the south, which made it more rural. while many people were farmers in the northern states, there were now other ways to make a living, such as working in mechanical cotton gins factories manufacturing cloth, tools and other goods. people in the north supported high tariffs on goods imported from europe because the extra cost encouraged people to “buy american” instead. in the southern states, planters did not like tariffs because they sold most of their production to europe and bought their tools from there as well. southerners believed the protective tariff was something that only northern factory owners keep their profits high. so the southern politicians came up with an idea. they would opt out. they would simply ignore the protective tariff. it was ‘null and void’ in south carolina. the state would not collect the taxes on goods imported into south carolina, no matter what the president said they had to do. this decision led to the nullification crisis.