Ascientist doing reasearch found that flower color and pollen shape were traits that were always passed together. that is they did not fit mendels rule for independent assortment. why might that be?

The genes for flower color and pollen shape are closely linked.

Explanation:

Mendel's law of independent assortment states that alleles of two genes are assorted independently during gamete formation. It requires that the two genes are present on different chromosomes or they are distantly placed on the same chromosome. When two genes are closely placed on the same chromosome, they are said to be closely linked. These genes are inherited together and do not exhibit the independent assortment. Therefore, the genes for flower color and pollen shape must be closely located on the same chromosome.  

parasites can detrimentally affect their host, but also must not allow their host to die before they can complete their life cycle. some parasites have complex life cycles with many different hosts, and have had to find ways of persisting in many different environments during the change from one host to another. ectoparasites live outside the body of the host, and can more easily  disperse, but are  more exposed to predators, parasites, parasitoids. endoparasites live inside the body of the host, and are therefore protected from the outside environment. but they can be  attacked by the host's immune system. they have therefore developed  mechanisms for dispersal such as  complex life cycles.

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3. energy generation

4. lower carbon footprint