Apatient visits your clinic often with recurrent respiratory infections. based upon their medical history, it appears they have been an active smoker for over 40 years. select the statement that most accurately reflects how this information may reveal why the patient is highly susceptible to respiratory pathogens:
a. smoking decreases the formation and effectiveness of complement proteins.
b. smoking can paralyze the ciliary escalator.
c. smoking directly inhibits b- and t-cell action.
d. smoking decreases the activity of neutrophils.

b. smoking can paralyze the ciliary escalator.

Explanation

Generally cilia in the respiratory tract of smoker will undergo paralysis for 1-3 hours after smoking, and generally paralyzed in  chronic smokers.

This is because the toxins( the TAR) in the cigarette    destroy  the  mucocilliary escalator that trapped inhaled pathogens in air  as it passes through the bronchi and push them up with phlegm  out of the respiratory tract.

Therefore ,with the loss of cilirary function,   pathogens are retained  in the lungs leading to respiratory tract  infections

the menstrual cycle – higher tier. negative feedback mechanisms affect the production of hormones in the menstrual cycle. oestrogen also stimulates the release of lh (luteinising hormone) from the pituitary gland, which in turn controls the production of progesterone.

answerclassical conditioning;