Photosynthesis is divided into two sets of reactions (light-dependent and light-independent). photosystem i and photosystem ii are both light-dependent reactions while the calvin cycle is light-independent. how are the light-dependent and light-independent reactions similar?
a) both reactions rely on chemical energy.
b) they take place in the stroma of the chloroplast.
c) both need light energy at all times in order to occur.
d) they occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast.

A) Both reactions rely on chemical energy.

Explanation:

The light-dependent phase of photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts' tilacoid membrane, the capture of light energy and the transformation into chemical energy. In this process, the green pigment molecules go into an excited state, emitting part of the absorbed energy. These pigments are organized into two photosystems (I and II), which can be defined as light capture units present in thylacoids.

In this phase, light energy is absorbed by pigments in photosystem II and transferred to chlorophyll molecules in the reaction center. The energized electrons are transferred to an electron receiver. According to the transfer of these electrons, they are replaced by others from water photolysis. Here, too, oxygen is produced.

Some pairs of electrons pass to photosystem I stimulating ATP synthesis. The energy absorbed at that moment stimulates the chlorophyll molecules of the reaction center of this photosystem, and the energized electrons are accepted by a NADP + molecule. The electrons removed from chlorophyll are replaced by others from photosystem II.

The independent light phase occurs in the chloroplast stroma and also depends on the chemical energy. It starts with the process of fixing carbon in an organic compound. In this stage, the molecules of NADPH and ATP produced in the light phase are used for the production of sugars from the reduction of the fixed carbon. The reactions that occur here are called Calvin Cycle and, in the process, most of the fixed carbon is converted into sucrose or starch.

answer and explanation;

volcanic rocks are igneous rocks which form from lava, molten rock which has been thrust out of a volcano onto the surface of a rocky body such as an asteroid, planet, or dwarf planet.  

plutonic rocks are igneous rocks which form from subterranean chambers of molten rock or magma. plutonic rocks make up the base of continental crust as well as oceanic crust. their slow rate of formation causes them to be coarse grained since there is plenty of time for large crystals to form before the magma solidifies into rock.

the textural difference is that plutonic rocks are more coarse grained than volcanic rocks. plutonic rocks are coarse grained while volcanic are fine grained ; glassey or fragmental. since fine and coarse are adjectives the decision as to whether a rock is fine or coarse grained is generally made on the bases of whether or not the individual crystals can be seen in most if the rock.

whats the drop down answers ?

explanation: