For each of the following cofactors, list the enzymes of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis. acetyl-coa synthesis or the citric acid cycle that utilize that cofactor and describe the function of each cofactor in the catalyzed reaction. (a) nad^+/nadh (b) fad/fadh_2 (c) coa (d) thiamine (e) biotin

parasites can detrimentally affect their host, but also must not allow their host to die before they can complete their life cycle. some parasites have complex life cycles with many different hosts, and have had to find ways of persisting in many different environments during the change from one host to another. ectoparasites live outside the body of the host, and can more easily  disperse, but are  more exposed to predators, parasites, parasitoids. endoparasites live inside the body of the host, and are therefore protected from the outside environment. but they can be  attacked by the host's immune system. they have therefore developed  mechanisms for dispersal such as  complex life cycles.

i'd have to say the answer is probable the second option "the geosphere interacting with the atmosphere"