Which are typical pioneer species during primary succession?

Answer & explanation:

Primary succession occurs in environments that did not have biological communities in place and present unfavorable conditions for the establishment of life. Examples of these sites are rocks, dunes and newly solidified lava pits.

The pioneer organisms in primary succession are mainly producers and some decomposers.

In dune environments, for example, there are grasses, whose seeds are wind-borne and able to withstand excessive heat, water scarcity and unstable soil, and their roots are firm, preventing these plants from being harmed by the wind.

Sites with rocky surfaces can be colonized by photosynthetic bacteria, fungi or some species of algae. These organisms release substances that alter the substrate, allowing the installation of new species over time.

cell regulation is conducted by special proteins.