In cucumbers, heart-shaped leaves (h) are recessive to normal leaves (h) and having numerous fruit spines (n) is recessive to having few fruit spines (n). the genes for leaf shape and number of spines are located on the same chromosome; findings from mapping experiments indicate that they are 32.6 m. u. apart. a cucumber plant having heart-shaped leaves and numerous spines is crossed with a plant that is homozygous for normal leaves and few spines. the f1 progeny are then crossed with plants that have heart-shaped leaves and numerous spines (testcross). 5a. create a drawing to indicate the chromosomes, gene arrangements and phenotypes of the f1 parents and the nonrecombinant and recombinant progeny produced from the testcross. (8 points)

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Mouse liver cells were homogenized and the homogenate subjected to equilibrium density-gradient centrifugation with sucrose gradients. fractions obtained from these gradients were assayed for marker molecules (i. e., molecules that are limited to specific organelles). the results of these assays are shown in the figure. the marker molecules have the following functions: cytochrome oxidase is an enzyme involved in the process by which atp is formed in the complete aerobic degradation of glucose or fatty acids; ribosomal rna forms part of the protein-synthesizing ribosomes; catalase catalyzes decomposition of hydrogen peroxide; acid phosphatase hydrolysis monophosphoric esters at acid ph; cytidylyltransferase is involved in phospholipid biosynthesis; and amino acid permease aids in transport of amino acids across membranes. a) name the marker molecule and give the number of the fraction that is most enriched for each of the following cell components: lysosomes; peroxisomes; mitochondria; plasma membrane; rough endoplasmic reticulum; smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Compare and contrast cladistics and phylogeny. what are their advantages and disadvantages? which is the most useful in understanding how an organism developed into its current form? which concept most strongly supports your opinion about the origin of any given organism?