1. light-dependent reactions take place in the chlorophyll-containing membrane.
2. atp exists as a chain of carbon atoms with groups attached to it.
3. molecules present in chloroplasts are split to release oxygen atoms, electrons, and free hydrogen ions.
4. is the process by which phosphate groups get cleaved off of atp.
5. use the substances in the environment around them to obtain nutrition.
6. light-independent reactions use atp and nadph to convert carbon dioxide into

7. explain the basic steps in the first half of photosynthesis (light-dependent reactions). describe the movement of electrons and the importance of hydrogen ions in developing a proton gradient that allows for atp production.

1. thylakoid

2. phosphate group.

3. water.

4. ATP hydrolysis.

5. Organisms.

6.  glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P).

Explanation:

Req. a)

In the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis, it takes place in the chlorophyll-containing parts of the plants. Thylakoid membrane is the place where light-dependent reactions occur because it contains chlorophyll. The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the lumen. On the contrary, outside the thylakoid membrane is called stroma. Specifically, in this stroma, light-dependent reactions occur.

Req. b)

(ATP) is composed of the molecule adenosine, which is bound to three phosphate groups. Adenosine is a nucleoside that contains the nitrogenous base adenine and ribose. The three phosphate groups are labeled as alpha, beta, and gamma. Together, these chemical groups create an energy powerhouse. The two bonds which are present between the phosphates are equal high-energy bonds; these are called phosphoanhydride bonds.  When these bonds are broken, they release sufficient energy to give power to different types of cellular reactions and processes.

Req. c)

In the photolysis process, light energy and catalysts interact with each other for the splitting of the water molecules. After splitting, the water molecules convert into protons (H+), electrons, and oxygen gas. Among these, the electrons go to the chlorophyll, the protons provide a proton gradient that is used for the power synthesis process of the ATP, and the oxygen is produced as a byproduct.

Req. d)

ATP hydrolysis is a catabolic reaction process. It helps to release those chemical energies which are present inside of the phosphoanhydride bonds in ATP. The product of this process is ADP and orthophosphate. This orthophosphate is an inorganic phosphate. ADP can be further hydrolyzed to provide energy to produce AMP and another orthophosphate. ATP hydrolysis is the terminal link between the energy which is acquired from sunlight and useful work.

Req. e)

There are different types of organisms on the planet. For the living, they need food. For collecting their required foods, they depend on their surroundings. For food purposes, use the substances in the environment around them. As an example, we can say about the plant. The plants depend on the environment around them to collect nutrition. They use their roots to collect some nutrition from the soil, such as Ca, K, etc.

Req. f)

ATP and NADPH use their deposited energy to convert the 3-PGA into G3P. This reaction is called a reduction reaction. 3-PGA is a three-carbon compound. After the conversion of 3-PGA, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) is produced. It is also a three-carbon compound. So, we can say that ATP and NADPH are just converting a three-carbon compound into another one, which also has three carbon.

7. Explanation:

1st Part:

The light-dependent reactions use light energy to produce two molecules. That two molecules are; the energy storage molecule ATP and the reduced electron carrier NADPH. These two molecules are needed for the next stage of photosynthesis. In plants, the light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of organelles called chloroplast.

2nd Part:

The high-energy electron travels down to an electron transport chain, losing energy as it goes. Some of the released energy forces pumping of the hydrogen ions from the stroma into the thylakoid. For entering into the thylakoid interior, they build gradient. Hydrogen ions from the split water also added to the slope. As hydrogen ions flow down their gradient and into the stroma, they pass through the ATP synthase, driving ATP formation in the chemiosmosis process.

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