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The kidney filters potentially toxic substances in the blood, and thus “clears” the blood of those substances. this clearance function is dependent upon and proportional to the diffusion gradient of the substance across filtering capillaries, i. e. if the concentration of the substance is doubled, twice as much will be cleared from each ml of blood that is filtered. suppose that the body produces a constant amount of a substance x per unit of time. the kidneys eliminate substance x at a rate directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the volume of blood cleared each minute (c): elimination = c × [x], where [x] is the steady-state concentration of substance x. imagine an individual with an initial concentration of x equal to [x]0 who develops kidney disease. her baseline clearance c0 drops to one half of the original (½c0). what is the new steady state concentration of x? (for simplicity, assume that substance x is 100% filtered by the kidney).

Need asap plz hurry im being timed when a body cell divides through the process of mitosis, the chromosomes in the daughter cells a. represent only the healthiest chromosomes from the parent cell. b. represent only half of the chromosomes in the parent cell. c. are identical to the chromosomes of the parent cell. d. are formed when chromosomes from the parent cell cross over.

What is a group of organisms called