What is "selected" during natural selection? explain your answer.
a. populations with a lot of individuals are selected, in the sense that they produce the most offspring.
b. individuals with certain advantageous traits are selected, in the sense that they produce the most offspring.
c. advantageous traits are selected, in the sense that they become more common in the population over time.
d. species with the most variable genome are selected, in the sense that some of their individuals will definitely stay alive, if a dramatic change in their environment occurs.

The correct answer is (b): Individuals with certain advantageous traits are selected, in the sense that they produce the most offspring.

Explanation:

Natural selection can cause a change in allele frequencies over time, making the best alleles, those better adapted, more common in the population over generations.

This is called Fitness, and it refers to how many offspring organisms of a particular genotype or phenotype leave in the next generation, relative to others in the group.

Natural selection can act on different alleles of a single gene, or on polygenic traits.

Natural selection can shift phenotype distributions in three ways:

-Stabilizing selection: Intermediate phenotypes are more fit than      

 extreme ones, e.g. camouflage.

-Directional selection: One extreme phenotype is more fit than all the

 others, e.g. are more hidden in shadow and survive better than other

 types.

-Disruptive selection: Both extreme phenotypes are more fit than those

 in the middle, e.g. mimesis on octopuses.

I hope it helps!

an individual’s sex (i.e., whether they are a male or female) is determined by the sex chromosomes. most people have two sex chromosomes, one that is inherited from their mother and one that is inherited from their father. typically, females have two x chromosomes (xx) and males have one x chromosome and one y chromosome (xy). conditions caused by changes (“mutations”) in genes located on the x chromosome are considered x-linked.

x-linked recessive inheritance

most x-linked conditions are recessive. this means that in a person with two x chromosomes (most females), both copies of a gene (i.e., one on each x chromosome) must have a change or mutation whereas in a person with one x chromosome (most males), only one copy of a gene must have a mutation. a female with a mutation in one copy of a gene on the x chromosome is said to be a “carrier” for an x-linked condition. a male with a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome is typically affected with the condition. because females have two copies of the x chromosome and males have only one x chromosome, x-linked recessive diseases are more common among males than females. however, x-linked recessive diseases can occur in both males and females.

for x-linked recessive disorders, an unaffected carrier mother who has a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome can transmit either the x chromosome with this mutation or a “normal” x chromosome to her children. if the father is unaffected, none of her daughters will be affected and all of her daughters will be unaffected—since they will inherit at least one normal x chromosome from their father. however, each daughter will have a 50% chance of being an unaffected carrier like her mother and a 50% chance of both x chromosomes being normal.

thats not a question