when the atp synthase molecules are open, the hydrogen ions move out of
the thylakoid. how does the cell use the kinetic energy of the moving ions?

the cladogram shown here shows similarities and differences among several classes of vertebrates. anatomically, the four have limb structure as their common ancestor. we might separate the mammals from the other three classes because they a) divergent; do not lay eggs b) identical; are warm-blooded c) varied; a four chambered heart d) homologous; have mammary glands