Name two conditions that must be met for a reliable gram staining result.

The two important conditions that must be met before gram staining are-

1. The age of the culture should not exceed 24 hours.

2. Over heating, decolonization should be avoided.

Explanation:

Gram staining is a technique developed to distinguish the bacteria on the basis of the composition of the cell wall around the bacteria.

The gram stain is a sensitive technique so must be performed carefully.  The precautions should be taken to avoid any error while gram staining that is-

1. Age of the culture- The culture should be freshly prepared just 18-24 hours before the experiment as above 24 hours bacteria lose their ability to retain the color so one would not be able to differentiate between the cultures.

2. While performing the experiment one should avoid overheating and decolorization with ethanol as both the factors lead to the loss of crystal violet stain from the cell and they take pinkish color after safranin staying.

cellular respiration oxidizes food into energy in the form of atps.

glycolysis (6 c hexose) > 2x atps are used > 6c hexose biphosphate > 2 x 3c triphosphate >

2 x 3c pyruvate (2x nadh produced from nad) and (4x atp produced)

pyruvate actively pumped mitochondrial matrix.