Which of the following does not provide evi-
dence that living things have been evolving for
millions of years?
(a) fossil record
(b) natural variation within a species
(c) geographical distribution of living things
(d) homologous structures of living organisms
(e) similarities in embryological development

(B) natural variation within a species

Explanation:

Natural variation within a species only shows the differences among organisms within a species and therefore it isn't a piece of evidence that indicates evolution has occurred. Moreover, the geographical distribution of living things, fossil records, homologous structures of living organisms, and similarities in embryological development are all pieces of evidence which corroborate the theory of evolution.

correct answer: biotic and abiotic limitations

carrying capacity is defined as the total number of an organism who can be supported in a given area within the natural resources limit and without harming or degrading the natural, economic or the cultural environment present for the future generations.

carrying capacity is determined by the limiting factors, which are known to affect the natural resources available. it may include water, nutrients, minerals, space, light etc.

explanation:

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an individual’s sex (i.e., whether they are a male or female) is determined by the sex chromosomes. most people have two sex chromosomes, one that is inherited from their mother and one that is inherited from their father. typically, females have two x chromosomes (xx) and males have one x chromosome and one y chromosome (xy). conditions caused by changes (“mutations”) in genes located on the x chromosome are considered x-linked.

x-linked recessive inheritance

most x-linked conditions are recessive. this means that in a person with two x chromosomes (most females), both copies of a gene (i.e., one on each x chromosome) must have a change or mutation whereas in a person with one x chromosome (most males), only one copy of a gene must have a mutation. a female with a mutation in one copy of a gene on the x chromosome is said to be a “carrier” for an x-linked condition. a male with a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome is typically affected with the condition. because females have two copies of the x chromosome and males have only one x chromosome, x-linked recessive diseases are more common among males than females. however, x-linked recessive diseases can occur in both males and females.

for x-linked recessive disorders, an unaffected carrier mother who has a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome can transmit either the x chromosome with this mutation or a “normal” x chromosome to her children. if the father is unaffected, none of her daughters will be affected and all of her daughters will be unaffected—since they will inherit at least one normal x chromosome from their father. however, each daughter will have a 50% chance of being an unaffected carrier like her mother and a 50% chance of both x chromosomes being normal.