Scientists learn about the temperature and pressure near the earth’s core by studying rock.

cats appear to have glowing cat eyes because the back of their eyeballs includes a special reflective surface called the tapetum lucidum. this lets them see better during the night, giving them a much better vision.

reflection is the bouncing back of a propagating wave when it encounters a barrier; usually shows an image of the source of light wave

1) bounces back from an opaque material

2) bounces back from the boundary

3) seen in mirrors

refraction is the bending of a propagating wave having a shift of direction as it passes through different media; usually seen in lenses to magnify or lessen

1) passes through a prism

2) moves from one medium to another

3) seen in lenses

the calvin cycle takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast. carbon dioxide enters the stroma of the chloroplast to combine with the five-carbon compound called ribulose1, 5-biphosphate to form two molecules of a three-carbon compound called 3-phosphoglyceric acid. this reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme called ribulose bi-phosphate carboxylase.