3. large molecules and wastes move
through the membrane through

Large molecules and wastes move through the membrane through forms of active transport- endocytosis and exocytosis.

Explanation:

Molecules are moved across the cell membrane via different mechanisms like diffusion, facilitated diffusion and passive transport; however, some very large molecules require specialized types of active transport to cross over- these are endocytosis and exocytosis.

During endocytosis large molecules cells and cell fragments moved across the plasma membrane through a process of invagination; piece of the external cell membrane falls into itself and forms a small pocket that surrounds the target molecule this breaks off from the membrane to form an intracellular vesicle. Different methods of endocytosis such as phagocytosis, pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis, take in cells,  water and targeted substances respectively.

Like endocytosis, the particles (signal proteins, neurotransmitters and waste material) are surrounded by a phospholipid membrane. However, in exocytosis, this membrane is formed in the cytoplasm, and merges with the plasma membrane’s interior in a process opposite to endocytosis; material is removed from the cell and exported into the cell’s exterior called the extracellular space.

in 1859, charles darwin set out his theory of evolution by natural selection as an explanation for adaptation and speciation. he defined natural selection as the "principle by which each slight variation [of a trait], if useful, is preserved".