Biology, 23.09.2019 23:30 mandy9386

In the fruit fly, drosophila melanogaster, a spineless (no wing bristles) female fly is mated to a male that is claret (dark eyes) and hairless (no thoracic bristles). all of the resulting flies are phenotypically wild-type (assume all three mutant genes are recessive). the wild-type f1 female progeny were mated to fully homozygous (mutant) males, and the following progeny (1000 total) were observed: phenotypes number observed spineless 321 wild 38 claret, spineless 130 claret 18 claret, hairless 309 hairless, claret, spineless 32 hairless 140 hairless, spineless 12 what is the correct gene map for these genes?

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Answer from: jolleyrancher78

Explanation:

We have three genes in the same chromosome and are trying to determine their order and relative distance to each other.

The genes and possible alleles are:

claret (c/c+)spineless (s/s+)hairless (h/h+)

All mutations are recessive: two copies of the mutant allele are needed for the fly to show that trait.

Parental cross

claret hairless male: $\frac{s^+\ c\ h}{s^+\ c \ h}$ spineless female: $\frac{s\ c^+\ h^+}{s\ c^+ \ h^+}$

Each parent can produce 1 type of gamete only, so the F1 will be homogeneous:

$\frac{\ s\ \ \ c^+\ \ h^+}{s^+\ \ c \ \ \ h}$

During meiosis, the F1 females can produce 8 types of gametes: 2 parentals and 6 recombinants (two of them, the result of a double crossing over).

If they are test crossed to homozygous recessive males (which can only produce a $\frac{s \ c\ h}{}$ gamete), the following phenotypes are obtained (I just write the alleles they inherited from the female fly, as the ones that came from the male are the same for all of them):

321 spineless (s c+ h+) ----> Parental309 claret, hairless (s+ c h) ----> Parental130 claret, spineless (s c h+) ----> Recombinant140 hairless (s+ c+ h) ----> Recombinant32 hairless, claret, spineless (s c h) ----> Recombinant38 WT (s+ c+ h+) ----> Recombinant18 claret (s+ c h+) ----> Double Recombinant12 hairless, spineless (s c+ h) ----> Double Recombinant

The phenotypes observed in the highest frequency are always the parentals, and the ones in the lowest frequency are always the double recombinants.

To determine the order of the genes:

we have to write down the genotype of the F1 female three times, changing the order of the genes each time. Then, we hypothesize what the double recombinant gametes would look like.When the theoretical double recombinants we obtain are the same as the ones observed in the F2, we know that that is the correct order of the genes.

In this problem, only if the middle gene is h+/h the double crossing over gives us the observed double recombinant gametes, therefore hairless is the middle gene.

$\frac{s\ h^+\ c^+}{s^+\ h\ c}$

Double recombinants:

s h c+ ----> spineless hairlesss+ h+ c ----> claret

To determine the distance between the genes:

Genetic distance (m.u.) = Recombination Frequency x 100

Distance between the spineless and hairless genes:

$Distance \ [s-h]= \frac{number\ of\ recombinants \ [s-h]}{Total number of individuals} * 100\\\\\\Distance \ [s-h]= \frac{32+38+12+18}{1000} * 100\\\\Distance \ [s-h]= 10\ map\ units$

Distance between the hairless and claret genes:

$Distance \ [h-c]= \frac{130+140+12+18}{1000} * 100\\\\Distance \ [h-c]= 30\ map\ units$

The gene map for these genes is:

spineless -----------------hairless ---------------------------claret

10 m.u. 30 m.u.

Answer from: Quest

both anaerobic and aerobic respiration use glucose (or other carbohydrates), proteins and lipids to produce atp and nadh. cell uses those energy molecules, obtained from food and breaks them down during the chemical reactions of respiration. in anaerobic respiration, nadh is regenerated to nad+ by enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (lactate is produced, e.g. in muscle cells) or by alcohol dehydrogenase where ethanol is produced (alcohol fermentation), while in aerobic respiration, electrons from nadh are deposited in the mitochondria to regenerate nad+ (electron transport chain. anaerobic respiration produces 2 atp per molecule of glucose compared to aerobic respiration where about 38 atp molecules are produced.

Answer from: Quest

both male and female gametes are produced by meiosis of the germ cells. therefore, both male and female gametes are haploid. one male and one female gamete unite during the fertilization to form the diploid zygote. in seed bearing plants, pollen grain is the male gametophyte, which produces sperm cells.