Defining neuron, the structure of neurons, the function, and how neurons communicate with each other and the outside world. in your description, define neuron, describe the structure of a neurons (including the parts), explain the function, and how they communicate with each other and the outside world.

Answer and Explanation:

A neuron is the main cell that makes up the nervous system. Its function is to receive information (external and internal stimuli), process it and transmit it through electrical and chemical signals (nerve impulses) to other cells such as muscle fibers. The connection that is made between neurons or between them and other cells is called a synapse.

The structure of neurons is characterized by having:

- a cell body called soma, which is located in the central position.

- numerous short filments called dendrites, which transmit the impusions to the soma.

- a long filament, the axon, which carries information from the soma to its destination (either in a neuron or another cell)

an individual’s sex (i.e., whether they are a male or female) is determined by the sex chromosomes. most people have two sex chromosomes, one that is inherited from their mother and one that is inherited from their father. typically, females have two x chromosomes (xx) and males have one x chromosome and one y chromosome (xy). conditions caused by changes (“mutations”) in genes located on the x chromosome are considered x-linked.

x-linked recessive inheritance

most x-linked conditions are recessive. this means that in a person with two x chromosomes (most females), both copies of a gene (i.e., one on each x chromosome) must have a change or mutation whereas in a person with one x chromosome (most males), only one copy of a gene must have a mutation. a female with a mutation in one copy of a gene on the x chromosome is said to be a “carrier” for an x-linked condition. a male with a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome is typically affected with the condition. because females have two copies of the x chromosome and males have only one x chromosome, x-linked recessive diseases are more common among males than females. however, x-linked recessive diseases can occur in both males and females.

for x-linked recessive disorders, an unaffected carrier mother who has a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome can transmit either the x chromosome with this mutation or a “normal” x chromosome to her children. if the father is unaffected, none of her daughters will be affected and all of her daughters will be unaffected—since they will inherit at least one normal x chromosome from their father. however, each daughter will have a 50% chance of being an unaffected carrier like her mother and a 50% chance of both x chromosomes being normal.