Which of the following is not true of phospholipid bilayers? membrane budding requires transient breakages in the bilayer membrane. the interior of phospholipid bilayers is a highly hydrophobic environment. phospholipid bilayers separate the cell from the exterior environment as well as from compartments within the cell. the chemical properties of phospholipids lead to the spontaneous formation of bilayers.

Membrane budding requires transient breakages in the bilayer membrane.

Explanation:

Membrane budding is the process of formation of outgrowth or ingrowth from the surface of the membrane followed by its detachment. It serves many functions such as vesicular transport, the release of enveloped viruses, etc.

The process of membrane budding is regulated by proteins and does not introduce any breaks in the membrane.

For example, during vesicular transport, small vesicle grows on the surface membrane of the parent organelle. These vesicles are coated with specific proteins. Once these vesicles bud off from the parent organelle, they shed off the coat and fuse with the target organelle.

the second type of galaxy is called a barred spiral, which has a thing called a bar straddling the nucleus

step 1: initiation

initiation is the beginning of transcription. it occurs when the enzyme rna polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter. this signals the dna to unwind so the enzyme can ‘‘read’’ the bases in one of the dna strands. the enzyme is now ready to make a strand of mrna with a complementary sequence of bases.

step 2: elongation

elongation is the addition of nucleotides to the mrna strand. rna polymerase reads the unwound dna strand and builds the mrna molecule, using complementary base pairs. there is a brief time during this process when the newly formed rna is bound to the unwound dna. during this process, an adenine (a) in the dna binds to an uracil (u) in the rna.

step 3: termination

termination is the ending of transcription, and occurs when rna polymerase crosses a stop (termination) sequence in the gene. the mrna strand is complete, and it detaches from dna.