In a short essay (100–150 words), explain how genetic information—along with an understanding of the process of descent with modification—enables scientists to reconstruct phylogenies that extend hundreds of millions of years back in time.

Evolutionary biology illustrates both the pattern and processes. The processes of evolution are natural selection and other mechanisms, which modifies the genetic structure of the populations. These processes result in evolutionary patterns, that is, the products generated by evolution with time.  

Phylogeny refers to the evolutionary history of a species or a group of species. In order to redevelop phylogeny, the scientists use systematics, that is, an analytical method to categorize the diversity and finding the evolutionary associations between the extinct and the living species.  

The evidence used to redevelop phylogenies can be attained from the fossil record and from the biochemical, morphological, and genetic similarities between the species. The scientists are functioning to develop a universal tree of all life, which will get refined with the gathering of new information.  

the earth is thought to have been formed about 4.6 billion years ago by collisions from a cloud of hydrogen, helium, rock, ice and other materials. these were pulled together by gravity to form objects in and around earth like- asteroids and small early planets called planetesimals.

so, the best possible answer to this question will be option d- to harden materials to form different parts of earth’s layers