Plants are more readily manipulated by genetic engineering than are animals because
a. plant genes do not contain introns.
b. more vectors are available for transferring recombinant dna into plant cells.
c. a somatic plant cell can often give rise to a complete plant.
d. plant cells have larger nuclei

The correct answer is option c. "a somatic plant cell can often give rise to a complete plant".

Explanation:

One characteristic that makes plants readily manipulated organisms for genetic engineering studies is that a somatic plant cell can often give rise to a complete plant. This process is known as somatic embryogenesis, and is widely used with relative ease in biotechnology laboratories. Somatic embryogenesis helps to quickly test genetic manipulation tests in complete plants allowing to check for the final phenotype easily.

it has to be understood that the sea water contains a huge amount of sodium and chlorine ions and if they enter the cell of the atlantic cod fish, the cell will shrivel and the fish will die. to avoid such a condition, the fish uses active transport for the purpose of removing the ions against the gradient.

explanation:

the atlantic cod is not a maritime osmoconformer. its native application of salts is less than that of the seawater it lives in. it is continually falling water from the gills to the ocean via osmosis.

countering that, the fish is going to be swallowing seawater. but since its internal collection of salts is lower than seawater, the fish will want to go free of excess salt, and since that's going upon a gradient, then active transport, requiring energy, must be used to pump out the salt. much marine fish use the organs to filter out the salt and these fish discharge very straight urine.