Enzymes that break down dna catalyze the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. what would happen to dna molecules treated with these enzymes?
a. the two strands of the double helix would separate.
b. the phosphodiester linkages of the polynucleotide backbone would be broken.
c. the pyrimidines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars.
d. all bases would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars.

If jane has the blood type ab and marries john who has type o blood what are the possible phenotypes of their first kid?

The kidney filters potentially toxic substances in the blood, and thus “clears” the blood of those substances. this clearance function is dependent upon and proportional to the diffusion gradient of the substance across filtering capillaries, i. e. if the concentration of the substance is doubled, twice as much will be cleared from each ml of blood that is filtered. suppose that the body produces a constant amount of a substance x per unit of time. the kidneys eliminate substance x at a rate directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the volume of blood cleared each minute (c): elimination = c × [x], where [x] is the steady-state concentration of substance x. imagine an individual with an initial concentration of x equal to [x]0 who develops kidney disease. her baseline clearance c0 drops to one half of the original (½c0). what is the new steady state concentration of x? (for simplicity, assume that substance x is 100% filtered by the kidney).

What was darwins theory of common decent