The following five questions are related to the following experiment.
in a laboratory, smokers are asked to "drive" using a computerized driving simulator equipped with a stick shift and a gas pedal. the object is to maximize the distance covered by driving as fast as possible on a winding road while avoiding rear-end collisions. some of the participants smoke a real cigarette (with nicotine) immediately before climbing into the driver’s seat. others smoke a fake cigarette (without nicotine). you are interested in comparing how many collisions the two groups have. your hypothesis is that nicotine will increase the likelihood of being involved in a collision.
1.) in this study, the independent variable is:
2.) in this study, the dependent variable is:
3.) in this study, the participants who smoke a cigarette without nicotine comprise the group.
4.) in this study, the participants who smoke a real cigarette (with nicotine) comprise the group.
5.) a confounding variable related to this experiment could be:

1) The independent variable is nicotine consumption.

2) The dependent variable is 'Involvement in a collision'. In this case the values the variable could take would be binary. For example 'were involved in a collision'  and  'weren't involved in a collision'.

3) In this study, the participants who smoke a cigarette without nicotine comprise the __control group.

4.) In this study, the participants who smoke a real cigarette (with nicotine) comprise the ___experimental group.

5.) A confounding variable related to this experiment could be:

Confounding variables are any other variable that also has an effect on your dependent variable. They are like extra independent variables that are having a hidden effect on your dependent variables.

In this case, there are many examples of confounding variables that could have an effect on the dependent variable:

For example:

Subject's eyesight

Subject's age

Subjects's driving experience,

and so on

answer; polycythemia is the correct answer;

the level of progesterone is low at the pre-ovulatory phase of the cycle but it gradually increases and the levels are high at the luteal phase. if pregnancy occurs, the level of progesterone will be high throughout the pregnancy.

if egg is fertilized and the mother gets pregnant, progesterone starts preparing the uterus for the implantation. it starts building up the lining of uterus and make it hostile of the period of pregnancy.