Which movement, whose development paralleled but was essentially independent of realism, based its aesthetics on nature, particularly on humanity’s place in the (darwinian) environment?

The correct answer is naturalism.

Explanation:

The two literary movements, which are associated closely and in certain cases used interchangeably are realism and naturalism. Both the movements depict life as it is. These movements demonstrated natural, believable, or real everyday experiences and activities. However, there prevails a substantial difference between naturalism and realism. The realism is considered to signify real life, while naturalism is considered to demonstrate life in a more scientific, and almost in a clinical way in comparison to realism.

the unequal cytoplasmic division that  results  in  one egg  and three polar bodies ensures that a fertilized  egg has  ample nutrients  forits journey  to  the uterus.