The genetic material of the escherichia coli cell with a diameter of about 1 μm and a length of about 2 μm, consists of a dna molecule with a diameter of 2 nm and a total length of 1.36 mm. (the molecule is actually circular, with a circumference of 1.36 mm.) to be accommodated in a cell that is only a few micrometers long, this large dna molecule is tightly coiled and folded into a nucleoid that occupies a small proportion of the cell's internal volume. calculate the smallest possible volume the dna molecule could fit into, and express it as a percentage of the internal volume of the cylindrical bacterial cell with a diameter of about 1 μm and a length of about 2 μm. recall that v=pr2h for a cylinder.

C- a hypothesis or d- an observation

answer: carbon 14 can only be used to determine the age of the organisms that were once living, and igneous rocks are non living.

explanation:

carbon 14 dating is used to determine the age of the sample by estimating the amount of carbon 14 present in the sample and then comparing it with a reference standard.carbon 14 is a isotope of carbon which is radioactive and unstable. carbon 14 is assimilated by all plants and animals throughout their life from carbon dioxide. however, one the organisms die they stop this assimilation and the carbon 14 content starts to decrease.by knowing how much of carbon 14 is left in an organism after his death, one can estimate the age of the organism. the materials whose age can be estimated by carbon 14 method are the organic compounds. however, some inorganic compounds such as aragonite   shell can also be dated.however, if we consider the igneous rocks it is a non living component which never accumulated carbon 14 in it and thus, we cannot use carbon 14 dating method to estimate its age.