How can you tell if a mutation causes a change in a trait

The circles, or orbits, for electrons are called energy levels. each level can hold only a certain number of electrons. add electrons to each level until you can't add any more. how many electrons can each level hold?

Jason adds the antibiotic penicillin to a bacterial culture. the bacteria develop genetic modifications in their genome, which gives them resistance to the antibiotic penicillin. what caused this genetic modification?

The first generation of offspring from the cross of two parents is called the a. f1 generation b. f2 generation c. short generation d. p generation