D. why are both the gene of interest and the plasmid cut with the same restriction enzyme? e. what is the role of dna ligase in this process? 11. why is the dna sample to be separated by gel electrophoresis always loaded at the cathode or negative end of the power source? 12. explain why shorter dna molecules travel farther down the gel than larger molecules. 13. the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) is a nobel prize–winning idea that is used by scientists to amplify dna, particularly when the quantity of dna is very small or contaminated. explain the three initial steps that occur in cycle 1 of pcr.

D. So that they produce a complimentary sticky end to each other

E. Dna ligase is used for linking together the plasmid with the desired gene

11. Because DNA contain phosphate group which is a negative recharge, so it will attracted to the anode.

12. Because shorter DNA molecules means less Mr so the shortest length of DNA move faster

13. Denaturing the DNA into 2 single stranded of DNA at 95°, then add primer after cooling it at 65°, after that DNA polymerase is added so that the DNA polymerase will add extra basses across the dna strand.

the right side of the picture going down is:

polymerase

protein

transport vesicle

modified protein

the left side of the picture going down is:

dna helix

single-stranded rna

endoplasmic reticulum

ribosome

golgi apparatus

protein released from vesicle

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