Establishment of communities in newly formed environments, such as volcanic lava flows or sand bars, is called development of new communities in disturbed environments, such as a burned or clear cut forest, is called a. tertiary succession, primary succession b. secondary succession, primary succession c. secondary succession, tertiary succession d. primary succession, secondary succession

The right option is; D

Establishment of communities in newly formed environments, such as volcanic lava flows or sand bars, is called primary succession. Development of new communities in disturbed environments, such as a burned or clear cut forest, is called secondary succession.

Primary succession is a type of ecological succession (changes) which occurs when communities of organisms establish new habitat in areas that are not capable of sustaining life due to various events such as volcanic lava flows, sand bars, oil spills, flooding, and landslides.

Secondary succession occurs when a smaller scale disturbance such as forest fire affect a stable existing ecosystem. Such disturbances support the reappearance of life because it does not remove all organisms and nutrients from the existing ecosystem.  

phylogenetic tree is the tree of life or evolution tree. it shows the different branches of evolution. the sequence goes like tissues - coelom - backbone - endoskeleton - segmentation

meteorologists would compare a new weather map with one 24 h old to see how fast a front is moving.