Which of the following statements must be true in order for atp synthase present in chloroplasts to function properly?
a. the ph of the stroma must be lower than the ph of the thylakoid lumen
b. the ph of the stroma must be higher than the ph of the thylakoid lumen
c. there must be no difference in ph between the stroma of the chloroplast and the thylakoid lumen

b. the pH of the stroma must be higher than the pH of the thylakoid lumen

genetic variation can be caused by mutation (which can create entirely new alleles in a population), random mating, random fertilization, and recombination between homologous chromosomes during meiosis (which reshuffles alleles within an organism's offspring).

ionic bonds are two oppositely charged ions that attract. a sodium ion has a 1 positive charge; a chloride ion has a 1 negative charge. sodium and chloride have oppostive charged ions that attract which forms an ionic bond. a chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons is called