A1-month-old infant is being treated with sequential casts for bilateral clubfoot (talipes equinovarus); new casts have just been applied. the goal at this time is ensuring that circulation to the feet remains sufficient. how will the nurse determine that the goal is being met?

Anne, an intern in a microbiology lab, was observing the characteristics of various specimens of protists. match each specimen to the category of protist to which it belongs.

The kidney filters potentially toxic substances in the blood, and thus “clears” the blood of those substances. this clearance function is dependent upon and proportional to the diffusion gradient of the substance across filtering capillaries, i. e. if the concentration of the substance is doubled, twice as much will be cleared from each ml of blood that is filtered. suppose that the body produces a constant amount of a substance x per unit of time. the kidneys eliminate substance x at a rate directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the volume of blood cleared each minute (c): elimination = c × [x], where [x] is the steady-state concentration of substance x. imagine an individual with an initial concentration of x equal to [x]0 who develops kidney disease. her baseline clearance c0 drops to one half of the original (½c0). what is the new steady state concentration of x? (for simplicity, assume that substance x is 100% filtered by the kidney).

What factors contribute to the effect an environmental toxin has on the human body?