What is the effect of sickle cell anemia

Sickle Cell Anemia:

It is a type of disorder which occurs inside the red blood cells or RBC's of the blood medium. And is mainly caused by the deficiency in the oxygen molecules inside the blood medium leading the nerves and the cells to have lack of oxygen.

As, the target cells become more sickle in shape and they are unable to carry on the transportation of the oxygen,O₂ molecules through the given path way or arteries inside the circulatory system present in the body.

Target Cells in the Body and Cause:

It is mainly caused by the deficiency in the level of oxygen,O₂ molecules inside the blood medium, as its not because of the lack of oxygen present in the air but due to receiving an abnormal gene by the person leads to abnormality in the structure or shape of the hemoglobin over all. Making the RBC's unable to carry enough oxygen to all the cells.

Diseases or disorders caused by the sickle anemia:Due, to lack of oxygen in the blood medium causes the cells to die and remain under nourished.Damage to the nerves and the arteries is caused leading to some of the heart diseases and the liver disorders.Some body parts may stop working due to less supply of oxygen to them.Most of the patient's body become pale and less developed both physically and mentally.

The right answer is b hydrogen bonds!

Mantle convection  is the slow  creepingmotion of earth's solid silicate  mantle  caused by  convection  currents carrying  heat from the interior  to the planet's surface.[1][2]  the earth's surface  lithosphere, which rides atop the  asthenosphere  (the two components of the  upper mantle), is divided into a number of  plates  that are continuously being created and consumed at their opposite  plate boundaries. accretion occurs as mantle is added to the growing edges of a plate, associated with  seafloor spreading. this hot added material cools down by  conduction  and  convection  of heat. at the consumption edges of the plate, the material has thermally contracted to become dense, and it sinks under its own weight in the process of  subduction  usually at an  ocean trench.[3]this subducted material sinks through the earth's interior. some subducted material appears to reach the lower mantle,[4]  while in other regions, this material is impeded from sinking further, possibly due to a phase transition from  spinel  to  silicate perovskiteand  magnesiowustite, an  endothermic reaction.[5]the subducted oceanic crust triggers  volcanism, although the basic mechanisms are varied. volcanism may occur due to processes that add buoyancy to partially melted mantle causing an upward flow due to a decrease in density of the partial melt.secondary forms of convection that may result in surface volcanism are postulated to occur as a consequence of intraplate extension[6]  and  mantle plumes.[7]it is because the mantle can convect that the  tectonic plates  are able to move around the earth's surface.[8]mantle convection seems to have been much more active during the  hadean  period, resulting in gravitational sorting of heavier molten  iron, and  nickel  elements and  sulphides  in the core, and lighter  silicate minerals  in the  mantle.