Aclub fungus has an erect, above-ground fruiting body and long, branching, underground hyphae. how do the structures of the fruiting body and hyphae relate to their functions? a. the fruiting body is curved to the uptake of decaying plant material, while the hyphae are long to increase gas exchange. b. the fruiting body is tall to allow for spore dispersal, while the hyphae are branched to increase the absorption of nutrients. c. the fruiting body is curved to improve absorption of water, while the hyphae are long to allow for reproduction. d. the fruiting body is tall to maximize photosynthesis, while the hyphae are branched to support the release of waste products.

The kidney filters potentially toxic substances in the blood, and thus “clears” the blood of those substances. this clearance function is dependent upon and proportional to the diffusion gradient of the substance across filtering capillaries, i. e. if the concentration of the substance is doubled, twice as much will be cleared from each ml of blood that is filtered. suppose that the body produces a constant amount of a substance x per unit of time. the kidneys eliminate substance x at a rate directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the volume of blood cleared each minute (c): elimination = c × [x], where [x] is the steady-state concentration of substance x. imagine an individual with an initial concentration of x equal to [x]0 who develops kidney disease. her baseline clearance c0 drops to one half of the original (½c0). what is the new steady state concentration of x? (for simplicity, assume that substance x is 100% filtered by the kidney).