The experiments of wöhler, kolbe, miller, and other chemists invalidated the concept of vitalism by demonstrating that (concept 4.1)

Answer;

-Organic molecules could be produced apart from living organisms using inorganic materials.

Explanation;

-Fredrick Wohler, a German chemist attempted to make an inorganic salt, ammonium cyanate, by mixing solutions of an ammoniun ions and cyanate ions. He was astonished to find that instead he had made urea, an organic compound present in Urine animals. Then later, Kolbe made the organic compound acetic acid from inorganic substances that could be prepared directly from pure elements.

-After these discoveries and several decades of laboratory synthesis of some increasingly complex organic compounds, the Vitalists crumbled completely.

b

is correct hope this   also i learnd this in middle school