In cells, multiple biochemical pathways are interconnected and often run simultaneously. which elements act as regulatory checkpoints on these diverse pathways?

The kidney filters potentially toxic substances in the blood, and thus “clears” the blood of those substances. this clearance function is dependent upon and proportional to the diffusion gradient of the substance across filtering capillaries, i. e. if the concentration of the substance is doubled, twice as much will be cleared from each ml of blood that is filtered. suppose that the body produces a constant amount of a substance x per unit of time. the kidneys eliminate substance x at a rate directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the volume of blood cleared each minute (c): elimination = c × [x], where [x] is the steady-state concentration of substance x. imagine an individual with an initial concentration of x equal to [x]0 who develops kidney disease. her baseline clearance c0 drops to one half of the original (½c0). what is the new steady state concentration of x? (for simplicity, assume that substance x is 100% filtered by the kidney).

Abeaker of water was heated and then placed on a bench in the laboratory. the water cooled until it was the same temperature as the air in the laboratory. which of these explains the mechanism by which the water cooled? a. heat energy was transferred from the water to the air. b. water molecules from the water formed warm water currents. c. the water molecules absorbed energy from the molecules in the air. d. the water released radiation until it contained no heat energy.

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