Bethany thinks her dog is overweight so she switches the dog to a new brand of food for overweight dogs. the switch in dog food is an example of a( n ):

In psychology, the manipulation is described a change done, in order to obtain a certain result, but this does not guaranty that the result would be seen in future.  

In this case, the lady (Bethany) switches the diet of the dog. She thinks that switching the food of the dog can help the dog to lose weight. This may or may not be true.  

So, this case is an example of manipulation.  

a and c are the answeres