How is human dna prepared for use in gene transfer?

What happens when a magniseum ion ia atracked to a chlrene ion

Someone me with this: a mineral' is determined by its actomic structure.

How are the reproductive cycles of a fungus and a pteridophyte similar? a)both organisms form fruiting bodies that produce diploid seeds. b)both organisms produce haploid spores and exhibit diploid and haploid stages. c)both organisms reproduce sexually when two haploid hyphae fuse. d)both organisms exhibit a diploid stage and are only able to reproduce asexually.