Disadvantage of asexual reproduction are

The major disadvantage of asexual reproduction is that all descendants of the same parent are genetically equal (population is uniform). If the environmental conditions of the place change and are no longer conducive to these individuals, they may disappear. In a population with genetic variability, however, some beings can survive in the new environmental conditions and thus maintain themselves.

the cladogram shown here shows similarities and differences among several classes of vertebrates. anatomically, the four have limb structure as their common ancestor. we might separate the mammals from the other three classes because they a) divergent; do not lay eggs b) identical; are warm-blooded c) varied; a four chambered heart d) homologous; have mammary glands

many other transport proteins, often called pumps, move materials against a concentration gradient. active transport drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. this process, shown in figure 5.1, uses transport proteins powered by chemi- cal energy.